Model `Arrays.copyOf` for non-functional arrays for soundness by auroraberry · Pull Request #191 · pascal-lab/Tai-e

auroraberry · 2025-08-13T09:21:45Z

While investigating issue #168 , I found that Tai-e’s current handling of Arrays.copyOf is insufficient, which prevents correct analysis of the following code pattern:

String[] original = new String[0];
String[] copy = Arrays.copyOf(original, original.length + 1);
copy[copy.length - 1] = getSourceData();
sink(copy[copy.length - 1]);

Specifically, in the first new statement, Tai-e generates a mock object ZeroLengthArray( PR #140 ) and stores it in the points-to set of original. In the subsequent call to Arrays.copyOf, Tai-e propagates all objects from original’s points-to set to copy's. As a result, copy contains only the non-functional mock object ZeroLengthArray, which cannot hold array indexes. Consequently, copy[copy.length - 1] yields null, making correct array store/load analysis impossible.

To address this, I optimized the handling of Arrays.copyOf and added a corresponding testcase, which resolve the above issue.

github-actions · 2025-08-13T09:21:56Z

All contributors have signed the CLA ✍️ ✅
_{Posted by the CLA Assistant Lite bot.}

auroraberry · 2025-08-13T12:02:40Z

I have read the CLA Document and I hereby sign the CLA

auroraberry · 2025-08-13T12:02:53Z

recheck

src/test/resources/pta/taint/ZeroLengthArrayWithArraysCopyOf.java

src/main/java/pascal/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayCopyOfModel.java

codecov · 2025-09-03T14:36:41Z

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 94.87179% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 75.82%. Comparing base (12e7c43) to head (deba7a9).
⚠️ Report is 7 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...l/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayModel.java	94.44%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@              Coverage Diff              @@
##             master     #191       +/-   ##
=============================================
+ Coverage          0   75.82%   +75.82%     
- Complexity        0     4658     +4658     
=============================================
  Files             0      481      +481     
  Lines             0    16070    +16070     
  Branches          0     2199     +2199     
=============================================
+ Hits              0    12185    +12185     
- Misses            0     3018     +3018     
- Partials          0      867      +867

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
...taie/analysis/pta/core/heap/AbstractHeapModel.java	`80.51% <100.00%> (ø)`
...ie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/NativeModeller.java	`100.00% <100.00%> (ø)`
...l/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayModel.java	`94.44% <94.44%> (ø)`

... and 478 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.

src/test/resources/pta/taint/ZeroLengthArrayWithArraysCopyOf-pta-expected.txt

cs-cat · 2025-09-09T06:23:42Z

This PR appears to introduce a precision regression (compared with the version that reverts the ZeroLengthArray optimization). The data on dacapo-2006/eclipse is as follows:

revert f4f1c5d

1-obj
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                18,9451 (insens) / 159,4362 (sens)
#objects:                     1,8524 (insens) / 2,1964 (sens)
#var points-to:               1329,3536 (insens) / 1,1117,1982 (sens)
#static field points-to:      1,7298 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    121,3577 (sens)
#array points-to:             33,1291 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4083 (insens) / 32,9939 (sens)
#call graph edges:            18,1271 (insens) / 1668,9122 (sens)
----------------------------------------

ci
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2741 (insens) / 19,2741 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9495 (insens) / 1,9495 (sens)
#var points-to:               1995,7929 (insens) / 1995,7929 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1393 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    254,4160 (sens)
#array points-to:             35,7438 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4582 (insens) / 2,4582 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0358 (insens) / 19,0358 (sens)
----------------------------------------

This PR(86ef02d)

1-obj
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                18,9533 (insens) / 160,4090 (sens)
#objects:                     1,8548 (insens) / 2,2784 (sens)
#var points-to:               1336,9069 (insens) / 1,1480,5293 (sens)
#static field points-to:      1,7299 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    122,5662 (sens)
#array points-to:             45,2418 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4097 (insens) / 33,1895 (sens)
#call graph edges:            18,1278 (insens) / 1673,1125 (sens)
----------------------------------------

ci
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2807 (insens) / 19,2807 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9543 (insens) / 1,9543 (sens)
#var points-to:               2009,2310 (insens) / 2009,2310 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1397 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    256,1075 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,0452 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4594 (insens) / 2,4594 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0032 (insens) / 19,0032 (sens)
----------------------------------------

This PR revert ZeroLengthArray optimization

1-obj
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                18,9633 (insens) / 160,7615 (sens)
#objects:                     1,8723 (insens) / 2,2944 (sens)
#var points-to:               1342,5532 (insens) / 1,1550,5344 (sens)
#static field points-to:      1,7301 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    122,6870 (sens)
#array points-to:             45,8850 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4111 (insens) / 33,3103 (sens)
#call graph edges:            18,1377 (insens) / 1684,5959 (sens)
----------------------------------------
ci
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2838 (insens) / 19,2838 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9692 (insens) / 1,9692 (sens)
#var points-to:               2009,7506 (insens) / 2009,7506 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1413 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    255,9100 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,9637 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4599 (insens) / 2,4599 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0071 (insens) / 19,0071 (sens)
----------------------------------------

cs-cat

Merge after the precision regression is addressed

cs-cat · 2025-09-09T09:11:37Z

another regression experiment (ci PTA):
before patch (12e7c43)

-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2741 (insens) / 19,2741 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9495 (insens) / 1,9495 (sens)
#var points-to:               1995,7929 (insens) / 1995,7929 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1393 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    254,4160 (sens)
#array points-to:             35,7438 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4582 (insens) / 2,4582 (sens)
#call graph edges:            18,9943 (insens) / 18,9943 (sens)
----------------------------------------

before patch + revert ZLA optimazation

-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2830 (insens) / 19,2830 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9688 (insens) / 1,9688 (sens)
#var points-to:               2008,2110 (insens) / 2008,2110 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1412 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    255,7181 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,9555 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4598 (insens) / 2,4598 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0042 (insens) / 19,0042 (sens)
----------------------------------------

patch

-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2807 (insens) / 19,2807 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9543 (insens) / 1,9543 (sens)
#var points-to:               2009,2310 (insens) / 2009,2310 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1397 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    256,1075 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,0452 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4594 (insens) / 2,4594 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0032 (insens) / 19,0032 (sens)
----------------------------------------

patch + revert ZLA optimazation

-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2838 (insens) / 19,2838 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9692 (insens) / 1,9692 (sens)
#var points-to:               2009,7506 (insens) / 2009,7506 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1413 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    255,9100 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,9637 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4599 (insens) / 2,4599 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0071 (insens) / 19,0071 (sens)
----------------------------------------

patch - AnalysisModel.copyOf.MockObj + revert ZLA optimazation
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2838 (insens) / 19,2838 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9692 (insens) / 1,9692 (sens)
#var points-to:               2009,7506 (insens) / 2009,7506 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1413 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    255,9100 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,9637 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4599 (insens) / 2,4599 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0071 (insens) / 19,0071 (sens)
----------------------------------------

patch - AnalysisModel.copyOf + revert ZLA optimazation
-------------- Pointer analysis statistics: --------------
#var pointers:                19,2830 (insens) / 19,2830 (sens)
#objects:                     1,9688 (insens) / 1,9688 (sens)
#var points-to:               2008,2110 (insens) / 2008,2110 (sens)
#static field points-to:      2,1412 (sens)
#instance field points-to:    255,7181 (sens)
#array points-to:             36,9555 (sens)
#reachable methods:           2,4598 (insens) / 2,4598 (sens)
#call graph edges:            19,0042 (insens) / 19,0042 (sens)
----------------------------------------

cs-cat · 2025-09-10T07:36:21Z

src/main/java/pascal/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayModel.java

+                        CSObj csNewArray = csManager.getCSObj(context, newArray);
+                        solver.addVarPointsTo(context, result, csNewArray);
+                    } else {
+                        solver.addVarPointsTo(context, result, csObj);


The regression is caused by missing handlers.keySet().forEach(solver::addIgnoredMethod) in onStart()

…erry/Tai-e into fix-arrays-copy-of-model

Improve Arrays.copyOf handling and add corresponding testcase

ff3fb8c

github-actions bot added a commit that referenced this pull request Aug 13, 2025

@auroraberry has signed the CLA in #191

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auroraberry added 2 commits August 14, 2025 21:40

Address review comments

e5717bd

capitalize zeroLengthArrayDesc

0bda0e8

cs-cat mentioned this pull request Aug 17, 2025

When the log4shell vulnerability is reproduced, the generated TFG graph has missing nodes #168

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jjppp self-assigned this Sep 3, 2025

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src/main/java/pascal/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayCopyOfModel.java Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

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src/main/java/pascal/taie/analysis/pta/plugin/natives/ArrayCopyOfModel.java Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

Address review comments

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Refactor

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src/test/resources/pta/taint/ZeroLengthArrayWithArraysCopyOf-pta-expected.txt Outdated Show resolved Hide resolved

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Ignore Arrays.copyOf() for PTA Solver to address precision degradation

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auroraberry added 2 commits September 10, 2025 20:49

Modified the test file to use PTAAssert instead of expected-file

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Merge branch 'fix-arrays-copy-of-model' of https://github.com/aurorab…

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jjppp changed the title ~~Improve Arrays.copyOf handling and add corresponding testcase~~ Model Arrays.copyOf for non-functional arrays to obtain sound results for taint analysis Sep 12, 2025

jjppp changed the title ~~Model Arrays.copyOf for non-functional arrays to obtain sound results for taint analysis~~ Model Arrays.copyOf for non-functional arrays for soundness Sep 12, 2025

jjppp merged commit 89a4ea0 into pascal-lab:master Sep 12, 2025
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Model `Arrays.copyOf` for non-functional arrays for soundness#191

Model `Arrays.copyOf` for non-functional arrays for soundness#191
jjppp merged 8 commits intopascal-lab:masterfrom
auroraberry:fix-arrays-copy-of-model

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