feat: introduce list partitions in cpp binding

[luoyuxia]

Purpose

Linked issue: close #259

Brief change log

Tests

API and Format

Documentation

[Copilot]

Pull request overview

This PR introduces support for listing partition information in the C++ bindings, addressing issue #259. It exposes the existing list_partition_infos functionality from the core Rust library through the C++ FFI layer, allowing C++ clients to query partition metadata (partition ID and name) for a given table.

Changes:

• Added FFI structures (FfiPartitionInfo, FfiListPartitionInfosResult) and method signature for listing partition information
• Implemented the Rust-side FFI function that calls the core admin client's list_partition_infos method
• Added C++ wrapper function ListPartitionInfos in the Admin class that handles FFI conversions and error handling

Reviewed changes

Copilot reviewed 3 out of 3 changed files in this pull request and generated no comments.

File	Description
bindings/cpp/src/lib.rs	Defines FFI structures for partition info and implements the Rust-side FFI bridge function that calls the core admin API
bindings/cpp/src/admin.cpp	Implements the C++ wrapper ListPartitionInfos method with proper error handling and type conversions
bindings/cpp/include/fluss.hpp	Declares the PartitionInfo struct and ListPartitionInfos public API method in the Admin class

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